Networks of meanings: Complementing collostructional analysis by cluster and network analyses
This paper contributes to the development of collostructional analysis by taking up one of the long-standing issues in collostructional analysis, viz. the assessment and interpretation of the collexeme lists created. It uses the DWDS corpus...
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This paper contributes to the development of collostructional analysis by taking up one of the long-standing issues in collostructional analysis, viz. the assessment and interpretation of the collexeme lists created. It uses the DWDS corpus documenting 20th century written German to study two modalverb constructions which contain either vermögen or bekommen as the first verb plus an infinitive. When expressing ‘possibility’/‘capability’, these constructions compete with the ubiquitous and strongly grammaticalized könnenconstruction. To compare their constructional semantics, the paper combines collostructional analyses with a close investigation of the verbal meanings characterizing their Vinf slots. To classify the collexemes occurring in these slots comprehensively, the semantic information provided about each Vinf collexeme by “GermaNet” is utilized in three different ways: A manual, context-sensitive classification of the top collexemes into the 15 generic verb classes provided by GermaNet is followed by cluster analyses over the semantic-relatedness values given out by the SemRel tool of GermaNet for the pairwise comparison of all possible collexeme combinations. This is complemented by a network analysis identifying collexemes that are salient or “central”, i.e. located on the largest number of “shortest paths” connecting any two collexemes. The implications of the results for the functional differential between the two constructions as well as the methodology itself are discussed.
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On Black Magic ; How epistemic modifiers emerge ; Über Schwarze Magie ; Wie epistemische Modifizierer entstehen
Contents 1 Preface. . .1 2 Introduction. . . 3 2.1 Aims . . .3 2.2 Method . . . 3 2.3 Theoretical considerations . . . 5 2.4 Results in a nutshell . . . 5 3 Abbreviations . . .9 4 Is there a class of modal verbs in German?. . . 11 4.1 Traditional...
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Contents 1 Preface. . .1 2 Introduction. . . 3 2.1 Aims . . .3 2.2 Method . . . 3 2.3 Theoretical considerations . . . 5 2.4 Results in a nutshell . . . 5 3 Abbreviations . . .9 4 Is there a class of modal verbs in German?. . . 11 4.1 Traditional criteria . . . 12 4.1.1 Morphological criteria . . . 12 4.1.2 Syntactic criteria . . . 20 4.1.3 Semantic criteria . . . 24 4.1.4 Conclusion . . . 30 4.2 Case studies . . . 33 4.2.1 können . . . 33 4.2.2 müssen . . . 63 4.2.3 wollen . . . 79 4.2.4 dürfen . . . 93 4.2.5 dürfte . . . 100 4.2.6 sollen. . . 106 4.2.7 mögen . . . 118 4.2.8 möchte . . . 133 4.2.9 brauchen . . . 142 4.2.10 werden . . . 174 4.2.11 scheinen and dünken . . . 182 4.2.12 drohen, versprechen and verheißen . . . 189 4.2.13 Summary . . . 198 4.3 The origin of the term Modalverb . . . 204 4.3.1 Early grammars – a morphological classification . . . 205 4.3.2 Karl Ferdinand Becker (1836) – from a morphological classification to a grammatical one . . . 207 4.3.3 Blatz (1896). . . 210 4.3.4 George O. Curme . . . 211 4.3.5 Braune, Paul and Behaghel: the decline of the semantic motivation . . . 212 4.3.6 Gunnar Bech (1949) . . . 214 4.3.7 The Duden grammar . . . 215 4.3.8 Summary. . . 217 5 The nature of epistemic modality 223 5.1 Types of modification . . . 223 5.2 Circumstantial modal verbs as event modifiers . . . 227 5.3 The case of can . . . 228 5.4 Ambiguities across categories. . . 230 5.4.1 Conditionals . . . 230 5.4.2 Causal clauses . . . 233 5.4.3 Causal wo-clauses . . . 237 5.4.4 Corrective uses of obwohl, wobei and wiewohl . . . 237 5.4.5 Contrastive während-clauses. . . 239 5.4.6 solange-clauses . . . 240 5.4.7 bevor-clauses . . . 241 5.4.8 Final damit-clauses . . . 241 5.4.9 Adverbial infinitives . . . 243 5.4.10 VP adverbs . . . 245 5.4.11 Locative modifiers . . . 246 5.4.12 Noch einmal. . . 246 5.4.13 Past operator. . . 248 5.4.14 Meta-communicative why . . . 249 5.4.15 Summary . . . 250 5.5 Ambiguities across languages . . . 252 5.6 Critical data . . . 255 5.6.1 Quantificational modal ...
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